Perceiving Dogs Equal Vs Inferior. Inferior - 1648 Words

Perceiving Dogs Equal vs. Inferior In general, dogs are associated with loyalty, companionship, and aid. In Pamela Houston’s â€Å"A Blizzard Under Blue Sky,† the narrator attempts to treat her depression through experiencing the adventure of spending a night outside in the cold weather of Utah. Then, the narrator becomes successful in her adventure with the support and assistance of her two dogs, Hailey and Jackson. On the contrary, in Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire,† a â€Å"man† is traveling along the Yukon Trail, on his way to his group of friends where he encounters a dog who grows to have a poor relationship with the man but remains with him until his death. The similarities and differences between the two relationships make a comment on interactions between humans and animals. The comparison of these two short stories demonstrates how dogs are only beneficial to humans when they are deemed an equal and a counterpart, however not as valua ble when disrespected through regard as one’s property. The narrator of â€Å"A Blizzard Under Blue Sky† exemplifies the components of a relationship between a dog and an individual that produces mutual benefit. The essential piece is equality, which is expressed in both the actions the narrator takes toward the dogs as well as the dialogue between the three characters: Jackson, Hailey, and the narrator. The existence of dialogue between them alone reveals equality because dialogue in general is exclusive between two human characters but in thisShow MoreRelatedPsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pages problem solving Exercises 1. What happens in the cerebrum? The cerebrum is involved in several functions of the body including: †¢ Determining Intelligence †¢ Determining Personality †¢ Thinking †¢ Perceiving †¢ Producing and Understanding Language †¢ Interpretation of Sensory Impulses †¢ Motor Function †¢ Planning and Organization †¢ Touch Sensation 2. Label each of the following descriptions as (a) corpus callosum, (b) cerebralRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesfound in Stages One to Four. At every stage it is necessary for decisions to be made, so you will see that these managerial activities are closely intertwined. Moreover, their links are spread across three different time dimensions which are not of equal significance: the past, the present and the futurre. Let us consider these in turn. The past brought the organization (and its products, competitors, etc.) to their present positions. By gaining an understanding of how the organization arrived in itsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageshow productive the organization is, but also on how well it fits with its environment. A company that is very productively making goods and services of little value to the market is unlikely t o survive for long, so survival factors in things like perceiving the market successfully, making good decisions about how and when to pursue opportunities, and engaging in successful change management to adapt to new business conditions. Having reviewed the input, process, and outcome model, we’re going to change

Classical Management Approach And Human Resources Management

1. Executive Summary: The purpose of this report is to highlight the benefits of two management approaches used in organizations i.e. classical management approach and human resources management approach. Both the concepts are explained in detail with their importance, implication, and drawbacks. The report then linked both the approaches with operations of the organization for which Coles, which is one of the leading retail names in Australia; its business is spread across the country. The report gives a clear picture of how Coles has used and implemented the classical as well as the human resource approach in its operations. The report started with an introduction of the company of how it has evolved from a small family owned shop to one of the market leaders of today by implementing right procedures over the time. The report then leads to the theoretical explanation of classical management approach and the factors and principles involved and the gray areas or gaps in classical management approach are also discussed. The same is then applied to Coles, and the principles that could be seen in Coles are highlighted. The last and important part of the report is based on all the gray areas in classical management approach which discussed the arousal for need of a new approach concept which was introduced in 1930’s the human resource / relation approach that turned the tables and for the first time employees were seen as assets by the organizations rather than money makingShow MoreRelatedThe Classical Perspective And Humanistic Perspective Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent management perspectives and critical strategies to organises their people and improve productivity. Obviously, it is important to be a remarkable manager in a legendary company. So it is interested to find out how making the right management. Therefore, managers have to understand what the management perspectives are, and also need to know the way to operate them. In this essay, the definitions of two management perspectives will be introduced in few paragraphs which are classical perspectiveRead MoreCase Study : S trategic Human Resource Planning908 Words   |  4 PagesStrategic human resource planning has seen the organization adopt effective tactics to help get the best out of employees (Briscoe, Schuler, Tarique, 2012). Google engineers are given the freedom to innovate and develop their innovations. The management does a little oversight to make sure everything is flowing smoothly. The company’s success has been a result of effective strategic planning, which has seen it beat its main competitors Yahoo and Microsoft. Organizing Organizing comes after planningRead MoreClassical Theory And Classical Approach Theory Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Modern Management Concepts Skills, Classical Approach defined as management approach that emphasizes organizational efficiency to increase organizational success (Certo, P. 509). The approach broken into two areas: The Lower Management Analysis focused on â€Å"One Best Way† of do a job. The second area, Comprehensive Analysis of the management concern focused on a universal process including principal of management. Classical management approach theory developed around nineteenth centuryRead MoreThe Theory Of Management Is Important Part Of Any Business Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pages Management is arguably the most important part of any business or organisation. Without successful management any organisation will struggle to succeed in today’s competitive business world. But what is the best approach for managers to take? 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The humanistic perspective, followed on shortly after. The two perspectives are useful in the modern businesses, such as Netsanet and SAS, who are utilizing them to be successful in the changing environment. Classical Perspective The industrial revolution, which emerged between the 18th and 19th century

Blackfeet Land and Language is the Heritage Essay Example For Students

Blackfeet: Land and Language is the Heritage Essay by Andreas Knudsen Original pagination indicated in slash marks, e.g. /4/ indicates the end of page 4. Reprinted from Indigenous Affairs, January/February/March 1996. Published by the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. The original homeland of the Blackfoot Nation contains the so-called Northern Rocky Mountain Front, the largest woodland of the USA outside of Alaska. Part of the Front is the 500 km2 large Badger-Two Medicine which the Blackfoot Nation regards as their Jerusalem because of its religious importance for them. Many events which are decisively important for their mythology and religion have taken place in the Badger area. It borders directly on the Glacier National Park, which is part of the UNESCO International Convention for Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The region is the last are of retreat for over 270 species of animals and plants, e. g. grizzlies and the grey wolves. The Blackfoot Confederacy lost the Badger-Two Medicine area in 1895. The tribes were weakened after a smallpox epidemic and a year of famine and desperately needed governmental help. They got it, but at the cost of a new agreement under which the area in question became public property. The Blackfeet were deceived by the American negotiators, who used a misleading translation for their purposes. While the government talked about a take-over of the land, the Blackfeet meant to lease the Badger area for 50 years to Washington with an official guarantee ensuring them the right to go across the land. This was an official euphemism for continuing their religious practices, which were forbidden. Since the United States Supreme Court denied relief to traditional Californian tribes (the famous Go Road Decision) in 1988, the right of religious freedom, which is protected by the Free Exercise of Religion Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution, has been in real danger (see IWGIA Document 62). Regardless of the key religious, cultural and environmental role of the Badger area, the US-American Chevron group and the American subsidiary company of Belgian Petrofina have decided to drill for oil in the area, although experts of the US Forest Service estimate the chance of finding oil at only 0.5 per cent. One wonders if so much effort is necessary when the prospect of finding oil is so slim. The companies want to create a precedent with this case for opening up Alaskas great oil reservoirs, which lie mostly in natural reserves (Alaska Natural Wildlife Refuge). The consequences of drilling approval would be fatal. Over 7,000 acres (approximately 30 km2) of the Badger-Two Medicine area and the border territories (the southern part of the Glacier National Park is only 7 km away from the planned drill-hole) would be destroyed by deforestation, road construction, industrial noise, pollution and leaky pipelines. In January 1993, the Bush Administration gave Fina permission to drill for oil by enacting a law. The following Clinton Administration achieved a delay because of a loophole in the legislation. The Bush Administration forgot to install a contradiction right into the already insufficient US Forest Services report, which was unconstitutional. Because of this mistake and the protests of a coalition of traditional Blackfeet and local environmental groups, the final decision has been postponed until June 30, 1996. The postponement has not completely undone the Bush permission. The interests of the Blackfoot Confederacy were perceived by the corrupt and incompetent Tribal Council which does not represent the traditionals. All parties involved, the industry and political representatives of Montana on the one hand, and environmentalists and the traditional Blackfeet on the other, have tried to carry their interests with the help of a bill in connection with the Wilderness Act. This act was passed in 1964 and protects landscapes in order to keep them in their natural conditions. According to their needs, the bills differ. The Period From The Eighth To The Fourteenth Century Was One Of Vast R Essay Heavy Runners tribe-owned house was confiscated and his meadows were leased without his knowledge. He is now homeless. A year later, his daughters shop was set on fire and then an uncle disappeared and was found dead two months later. Future ProspectsIt will be necessary for the traditional Blackfoot and environmentalists to keep close ranks in the future. The strength of their future negotiating position depends on their alliance and their ability to organize powerful public campaigns. It has already made an impression on e.g. Petrofina, whose Belgian parent company was prepared to talk to Floyd Heavy Runner in September 1995 while he was in Europe. Although these were not serious negotiations, the traditional Blackfeet were for the first time accepted as equals. /25/For further reading: The Last Stronghold by Bob Yetter, available through the following two contact addresses:Floyd Heavy Runner Blackfeet Brave Dogs Society P.O. Box 98 Heart Butte, MT 59448Europe: Verein zur Untersttzung nordamerikanischer Indianer e. V. Blackfeet Support Group c/o Marten Briese Elsgrabenweg 12 D-13597 Berlin Germany Phone/fax: 030-33-16-712Andreas Knudsen is a member of the IWGIA Danish National Group.The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) is an independent, international organization which supports indigenous peoples in their struggle against oppression. IWGIA publishes Indigenous Affairs four times a year. Subscriptions in 1996 are US $30 for individuals and US $50 for institutions. Contact: International Secretariat, IWGIA, Fiolstraede 10, DK-1171, Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail emailprotected

Infection Risk Management for Health Inequalities - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInfection Risk Management for Health Inequalities. Answer: Through Health Equity Audit (HEA), the decision making authorities are able to arrange the resources in planning of policies, strategies and projects so that it can help in reducing health inequalities. The Health Equity Audit Cycle consists of analyzing the issues with the highest impact on the society followed by assessing the gap between the need and access to the services, developing an action plan to bridge the gap between the two, prioritizing the actions, navigating the resources to suit the needs and lastly evaluating the progress and assessing the influence of the actions on the society (European Portal for Action on Health Inequalities, n.d.) . Analyzing the issues with the highest impact on the society is the first component of the Health Equity Audit which would be discussed in detail. There are various issues such as cancer, infant health, primary care which have a serious impact on the society. According to Pauly et al., (2013)various policy makers, public health professionals and the government are conducting several comprehensive health care programs to raise awareness for the prevention of cancer. The community groups and doctors are encouraging the citizens to increase their physical activity and to reduce the use of alcohol. They are also conducting campaigns to prevent the use of tobacco. For this purpose, Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs are being established to prevent and reduce tobacco use (Wallerstein et al., 2017). For example, Public Health Association of New Zealand has executed various prevention programs, early intervention programs to raise awareness among the people and to reduce the risk of CVD and cancer (Public Health Association of New Zealand, 2016). Thus, to conclude, it can be said that Health Equity Audit is a crucial device to reduce health inequalities. It provides a framework for analyzing the issues which have the highest impact on the society and develops the equity profiles, prioritizes the strategies and plans and monitors the action. References European Portal for Action on Health Inequalities (n.d.). Health Equity Audit Retrieved March 24, 2018 from https://www.health-inequalities.eu/tools/health-equity-audit/ Pauly, B., MacDonald, M., Hancock, T., Martin, W. Perkin, K. (2013). Reducing health inequities: the contribution of core public health services in BC. BMC Public Health, 13(550), 1-11. Public Health Association of New Zealand (2016) .Get Curious. Retrieved March 24, 2018 from https://www.pha.org.nz/ Wallerstein, N., Duran, B., Oetzel, J.G. Minkler, M. (2017). Community-Based Participatory Research for Health: Advancing Social and Health Equity. John Wiley Sons.

Graffiti as a Subculture

Graffiti is a form of subculture which conveys the author’s message and applies a code in its application that befits the elements necessary for classification as a subculture. Graffiti can be defined as an example of subculture corresponding to the main criteria of contemporary definitions of subculture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Graffiti as a Subculture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contemporary theoreticians dispute the origin and meaning of subculture as a social phenomenon, analyzing the sociological parameters of the groups of population and their primary motivation for deciding on self-expression in the form of subculture. McCracken (2002) noted that â€Å"The new groups are the necessary inevitable product of our world, not a transgressive reaction to it† (Plenitude: Culture by commotion). McCracken’s assertions can be defined as revolutionary and gave rise to debates with ot her theoreticians who consider subculture as the phenomenon separated from the mainstream of the community, opposing and struggling against it. Titley shifts the emphasis to the sociological characteristics of subculture representatives, admitting that â€Å"subcultures are often the creative expression of cultural difference by marginal groups† (A New approach to youth subculture theory). Actually, this definition does not contradict McCracken’s statements concerning the subculture groups as an integral product of society, but rather evaluates the psychological basis of the phenomenon. The same idea of joining subculture for expressing their protest was developed by Hebdige (2002): â€Å"Subcultures are expressive forms but what they express is, in the last instance, a fundamental tension between those in power and those condemned to subordinate positions and second-class lives† (p. 132). Using these parameters, graffiti can be defined as an example of subcultu re used by contemporary youths for expressing their protest against the generally accepted society norms. The ‘art’ of graffiti is a unique one. It aims at producing a graphic, which passes on a message. The location of choice for the placement of graffiti is visual areas such as walls and bridges, or in easily accessible hidden areas such as public toilets. The developers pass on context specific information depending on the theme of their protest. To produce a successful piece of graffiti, there is a set of skills required in addition to a defiant mindset. Graffiti finds placement in strategic locations to achieve the effects the creator desires. Different members of this subculture have varying levels of skill in as far as the development of graffiti is concerned. Some produce very intricate diagrams with visually attractive graphics while others use simpler techniques to produce their work.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The illegality of writing graffiti in public places makes it a rushed job in some places while the relative lack of stringent policing in neighborhoods with a graffiti subculture makes it possible to produce intricate designs. Some use graffiti as a means of decorating bland surfaces while others use it to disfigure well-embellished ones. What ties the subculture together is the form of art used to express the ideas, and not necessarily, the specific content of the work produced. The second characteristic of graffiti as an example of subculture is the expression of the views of minority in a non-facilitated environment. In whatever geographical area that a graffiti subculture exists, most likely, it will be in areas where there are no channels of facilitated communication to make possible the effective voicing of the issues. Since there is no channel to vent the frustration experienced, perpetrators use graffiti to communi cate their thoughts and desires. The subculture speaks for the silent masses. Some members use graffiti for other purposes such as humor or for passing on witty comments. The type of graffiti by a single person meant for a small audience finds placement in hidden but highly accessible areas. The expression of the protest against the generally accepted norms is one of the main factors which make the art of graffiti so appealing to the youths. The issue of doing harm to the city landscape and public places is discussed even more often than the art value of particular graffiti. Still, the fact that some of the contemporary painters use traditional canvases for creating their masterpieces proves that in some cases graffiti aesthetics has dominated over the expression of the protest. Taking into account the popularity of graffiti among certain population groups, the development of its aesthetics and the tradition of graffiti painters, graffiti can be defined as a peculiar form of self ex pression and social protest of the subculture representatives. Titley noted that â€Å"Many of these groups engage in protest, but what is interesting is how different this protest is† (A New approach to youth subculture theory). Graffiti is a peculiar form of expression of the youths’ protest, and the overview of the numerous samples and the peculiarities of the styles of particular painters shows the development of this subculture and its unique aesthetics. The analysis of the sociological characteristics of graffiti painters, their motivation for creating pictures on the walls and the symbolic meaning of their masterpieces proves that graffiti at its contemporary stage corresponds to the contemporary definitions of subculture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Graffiti as a Subculture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Hebdige, D. 2002. Subculture; the meaning of style. New York: Rout ledge. McCracken, G. 2002. Plenitude: Culture by commotion. [online]. Tittley, M. n.d. A New approach to youth subculture theory. [online]. This essay on Graffiti as a Subculture was written and submitted by user A1dan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Impact of the Scientific Revolution on Europe essays

Impact of the Scientific Revolution on Europe essays The terms Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment are used to describe two interrelated and sequential European intellectual movements that took place from the 1500s to the 1800s (Gale). During this time Europe was distraught due to a variety of economic, religious and social problems slowly creating chaos among its citizens. Economically, the scientific revolution brought upon a new age of prosperity with the increase of international trade. Furthermore, the scientific revolution also benefited Europe by encouraging many to question the teachings of the church and look for a more tangible understanding of the universe and its forces. In addition, this period of time also brought a change to the social classes and daily life of European citizens. Therefore in the midst of turmoil, the Scientific Revolution emerged and slowly created a sense of order. 17th century Europe was experiencing economic instability. The profits of precious metals from the new world cause inflation and forced monarchies to increase taxation (Gale). This caused uproar in the lower class citizens whose meager incomes could not facilitate a higher tax rate. However, the development of world trade during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment changed the economic life of Europe from self sufficient town economies to capitalistic national economies (Gale). This created enormous opportunities for the entrepreneurs of the third class who now had the potential to expand their businesses from local, to in some cases an international level. The new wealth from the world trade also helped establish a new mercantile or middle class in Europe creating more wealth for many of its citizens reducing tension between the social classes. The trade also brought with it information of other cultures and beliefs which stirred the minds of many scientists and philos ophers who began to adopt a new understanding of the universe and its ...

Walmart Just In Time focus on procurement and distribution, logistics Research Paper

Walmart Just In Time focus on procurement and distribution, logistics management processes and benefits of process for Walmart - Research Paper Example In this context, this study focuses on the Just in time inventory system and the logistics management Wal-Mart is using. Just-in-Time Concept of Inventory Many authors defined just in time inventory (JIT) system differently, but it all refers to a system wherein materials are delivered just in time for its use whether in manufacturing or selling. In JIT system, it has been the practice of companies like Wal-Mart to schedule purchases and production only as needed to meet actual consumers’ demand. The purpose of this system is to reduce inventories to a minimum level, or wherever possible to a â€Å"zero level† (Accounting for Management, n.d.). As the concept would suggest, JIT for Wal-Mart is a cycle that means products for sale are received from supplier just in time to replenish the stocks on the shelves, thereby reducing inventories from their previous level. The Just in time inventory system has been applied at every stores of Wal-Mart, and as observed, the secret lies in its sophisticated just in time logistics system found in the RFID technology. The system has provided Wal-Mart a continuous tracking, real-time sales feedback from every store and plot stock depletion rates so they can arrange new deliveries just as existing supplies are about to run out. The illustration below depicts a Just in-time system inventory management that begins with the order of the customer, and the processes that channels the ordering system. JIT system is ideal for manufacturing and merchandising concerns that tends to eliminate too much inventories which are not needed in the manufacturing or sale immediately. Source of diagram: (Accounting for Management.com) The logistics management of Wal-Mart, an introduction to RFID In order to understand the complexity of Wal-Mart operations and why there is a need for a logistics management process, an insight to its structure is presented. Wal-Mart manages retail stores worldwide in a range of set-up. Its segments inc lude US market, International market and the on line ordering system. The US segment carries almost all items ordinarily found in a supermarket store, or may be easier said, â€Å"ask it, Wal-Mart has it† (WMT Profile). The international segment has various formats of stores and restaurants that include a combination of discount and grocery stores, supermarkets, supercenters, cash and carry stores, hypermarkets, general merchandise stores and the Sam Clubs. The Sam Club segment, which is available thru membership, carries merchandise, hard and soft goods and selected private-label items. Profile of Wal-Mart stores showed the following number of stores as of January 31, 2010 (Table1). Table 1 Number of Wal-Mart Retail Stores as of January 31, 2010 Number of stores Location Number of stores Location 803 discount stores United States 43 Argentina 2,747 supercenters United States 434 Brazil 1158 neighborhood markets United States 317 Canada 596 Sam Clubs United States 252 Chile 1 70 Costa Rica 77 El Salvador 164 Guatemala 53 Honduras 1 India 371 Mexico 55 Nicaragua 56 Puerto Rico 371 United Kingdom 279 Peoples Rep. of China Source: Yahoo Finance, 2010. Wal-Mart Stores Profile Logistics management process of Wal-Mart In the above scenario of retail stores, tracking of individual products in its different chains and warehouses is a difficult task. This would need an efficient system of monitoring and control such that Wal-Mart saw a need for a

Gas turbine engine basics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Gas turbine engine basics - Coursework Example This means that if the exit velocity is maintained at a higher value than free stream velocity, and simultaneously, the engine flow rate (m dot) is kept as high as possible, the high engine flow will produce a high thrust in a turboprop engine. Even though a large amount of air is ingested, the change in velocity is very minimal between the intake and the exit so that the exit velocity is at a low value (Low exit velocity). Due to the large value of m dot, a high thrust is developed. If we denote the free stream conditions by â€Å"0†, the propeller exit conditions by â€Å"1†, core exit conditions by â€Å"e† and core entrance conditions by â€Å"c†, then from the basic thrust equation we get: In Turboprop engine, the mass flow rate through the propeller is much greater than that of core engine(High mass flow ). The mass flow rate entering the core is almost equal to the mass flow rate exiting the core. The exit velocity from the core is almost the same as inlet velocity into the core(Low exit velocity). Hence the thrust equation can be rounded off to get: Components and Purpose: The intake also called the inlet serves three purposes, namely (1) recovering as much of the total pressure of the free air stream required for combustion, from free-stream conditions to the conditions and deliver this pressure to the entrance of fan or compressor, (2) delivering air to the compressor under all flight conditions with minimum turbulence and (3) to have minimum drag. The inlet is generally not defined by any particular part, but is formed by structural support parts which are located in front of compressor. The design of subsonic inlet differs from that of supersonic inlet. In subsonic inlets of engines fitted in nacelles air enters in different streamline patterns at different speeds of operation as shown in Fig-1 (Mattingly,p759). Supersonic inlets are

Concept of Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults Research Paper

Concept of Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults - Research Paper Example Safeguarding relates to a range of activities that aim at upholding every adult’s fundamental right that amounts to be safe and at the same time respecting individual’s rights regarding the making of choices. Safeguarding involves empowerment, justice as well as protection. All persons within a society need to play a significant responsibility in relation to the role of vulnerable adults safeguarding. In a broader sense, safeguarding stems specialist services to everybody else within the society. Professionals, volunteers as well as the general public need to ensure they partake in safeguarding vulnerable adults. Effective safeguarding relates to four primary activities. The first safeguarding aspect refers to prevention and awareness raising. The action aims to improve everyone’s general wellbeing thereby encouraging communities to support one another in acting as in a manner where they look for one another. The action also aims at ensuring the public and all professionals, as well as volunteers, possess adequate information regarding actions they may take where they think that an individual is being abused or harmed. The second aspect refers to an inclusion that focuses on activities directly designed to make sure that providers of safety services within the community, as well as other services, remain alert. The operation also ensures the inclusion of vulnerable adults from the communities, professionals as well as volunteers (Kingsley, J, 2009, pg. 411). The activity also encourages the identification and support of individuals who are vulnerable to poor life for one reason or another through circumstances and outcomes of different servic es. The third activity refers to the personalized management of both risks and benefits.

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Teva Pharmaceuticals

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Teva Pharmaceuticals Corbin Wright Teva Pharmaceuticals is the largest generic pharmaceutical manufacturer in the world[1]. As of December 22, 2016, Teva Pharmaceuticals now holds the record for the largest fine by a pharmaceutical company for violating the foreign corrupt practices act. The settlement amount includes $283 million fine from the DOJ and a subsequent $236 million fine from the SEC. This total fine of $519 million far outweighs the previous record of Johnson Johnsons $70 million fine from 2011[2]. The question remains, what did TEVA Pharmaceuticals do that required a fine of $519 million? This paper will discuss the purpose of the FCPA, what Teva Pharmaceuticals did to receive a fine, and what we can learn from their mistake. The purpose of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is to prohibit bribery by any company or person who does business in the United States. This includes not only United States citizens, but also foreign executives and businesses that have operations in the United States. While the act is imposed on businesses that have dealings in the Unites States, the FCPA was especially designed to prohibit bribery in countries outside the United States. The United States doesnt want its companies or people to use bribery as a form of persuasion abroad-whether legal or illegal. By allowing companies to give bribes, this would give these companies an unfair advantage over their competition and give a bad representation for United States. Even if the bribe is typical business conduct in another country, the government will impose harsh fines for those who violate this act. Over the last few years, Teva Pharmaceuticals, specifically Teva Russia and Teva Mexico (Fully owned subsidiaries of Teva Pharmaceuticals) have been bribing foreign officials in order for them to buy more of their drug named Copaxone[3]. While nothing was wrong with this drug from a scientific aspect, Teva was implementing many different measures to increase revenue for the company. Keisha Hall, a former employee and director of finance for the Latin American division, filed a lawsuit stating that, Tevas unethical practices included unauthorized payments to doctors in Chile, bribes to physicians working in regional hospitals, and low inventory controls in Mexico[4]. In another report coming from Ukraine, Teva à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦provided various things of value to a Ukrainian Official to induce him to use his official position within the Ukrainian government to improperly influence the registration of Teva pharmaceutical products in Ukraine. The DOJ investigation revealed emails that explained how TEVA would pay these government officials with money from the incredibly high margins their drugs were being sold for in exchange for influencing the Russian government to purchase this drug through Teva. Teva subsequently entered a plea deal to cooperate with DOJ and SEC. However, because Teva failed to voluntarily self-disclose the FCPA violations to the Fraud Section the fine was not discounted. Teva claims it has since redone its corporate governance program, ceased relationships with fraudulent 3rd parties, and removing any necessary employees[5]. They have also boosted their internal control procedures. Teva Pharmaceuticals disobeyed the law and reaped over $214 million in excess illicit profits by paying government officials around $60 million in kickbacks[6]. While some may argue they were just trying to increase revenue and werent harming anyone, they manipulated the market and broke the law. A fine that is roughly double what they made in illicit profits now seems reasonable. Teva Pharmaceuticals has received pretty negative press and the stock price reflects consumer sentiment. Since 2015, the stock has fallen from $70 per share to $33 per share. While bribing may seem like a quick way to generate extra revenue, the downside outweighs any benefit. As the government continues to give out these large fines, hopefully corporate America will start to act more ethical. [1] https://www.verywell.com/the-top-7-generic-drug-companies-2663110 [2] http://fcpaprofessor.com/depth-519-million-teva-fcpa-enforcement-action/ [3] http://fcpaprofessor.com/depth-519-million-teva-fcpa-enforcement-action/ [4] http://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/teva-sets-aside-520m-to-settle-bribery-investigations-by-doj-sec [5] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/teva-agrees-to-pay-519-billion-to-settle-u-s-bribery-probe [6] http://www.marketwatch.com/story/sec-doj-fine-teva-pharmaceutical-519-million-to-settle-foreign-bribery-charges-2016-12-22

Increase in Customer Influence on Businesses Essay -- Business, Logist

Increase in Customer Influence on Businesses and its Resultant Effect on Workers and Managers Introduction So many factors have come together to make today’s business environment very competitive and flexible at the same time. Customers now play a significant role in the production and delivery of both goods and services in the global market. Globalization has also made it possible for comparisons to take place between and amongst different markets, giving the customers knowledge (power) to make choices and demanding more value for their money. This stance of the customer goes a long way to determine the performance of organizations; this is because without the existence of customers to patronize the goods and/or services offered by businesses, there will be no need for these businesses to exist. Customer influence on businesses More often than not, studies have examined the relationship behaviour between businesses and their customers from the business perspective with little or no attention to the customers’ perspective. As stated by Keillor et al (1999), for businesses to succeed in a highly competitive market environment, they must fundamentally understand and satisfy customer needs. Heskett et al (1993, 2003) as sited by Maxham J.G et al (2008) posited that the profit and revenue growth of an organization are a function of customer loyalty which stems from customer satisfaction. The key demands from customers as stated by Heskett and his colleagues are high quality goods/services and satisfactions. For customers to remain loyal to an organization, they must experience good value for their money and satisfaction. Akin to the performance and productivity level of an organization is the performance of the manager... ...ple Resourcing: contemporary HRM in practice. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall International Shenkar, O. & Luo, Y. (2007) International business. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Wu C.H et al (2008) Structural relationships among organization service orientation, employee service performance and consumer identification; the service industry journal vol 28(9) available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=04c840d7-ec91-4485-bb27-258e51dc1864%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=116 Maxham J.G et al (2008) The Retail Value Chain: linking employee perceptions to employee performance, customer evaluations and store performance. Marketing science journal, vol 27 (2) available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e3d4fad3-61ea-4147-8854-dac1e71b41bf%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=116

Ethical issues regarding stem cell research Essay

One of the recent significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedicine is the discovery, isolation and the ultimate culturing of stem cells from human embryos. The stem cells which are isolated form embryos are unique in that they are able to self renew and still retain capacity to differentiate too many forms of tissue cells. Cultured embryonic stem cells also have the potential of being developed to make regenerative medicine which can be used to treat fatal or debilitating conditions which while treated with normal prescriptions they are not curable. The embryonic stem cells are also capable of prolonging lives of individuals. Despite their potential to cure otherwise incurable diseases and to prolong lives, this discovery has led to questions regarding the value of life. While harvesting or extracting the embryonic stem cells, there are high possibilities of destroying the embryos thus bringing to an end possible human life. The question which arises is whether the lives of these possible human lives should be sacrificed for the improvement of the already existing human beings (Mcgee & Caplan, para 2-3). Ethical issues regarding stem cell research One of the major ethical dilemmas facing the embryonic research is the tension created between two moral principles which are highly esteemed. One of the moral principles entails prevention and also alleviation of pain and suffering while the other principle highly regards the value of life. Moral ethics requires people to respect and value human life and also to eliminate pain or possibilities of suffering in individuals. During extraction of embryonic stem cells, there are high possibilities of destroying the embryo thus destroying a possible life. However, such activities have the potential of alleviating pain and curing some of the diseases which are terminal. As such, embryonic stem cells fulfill the moral principle of alleviating and improving the medical conditions of individuals (Rickard, Para 5). However, despite the above possible advantages, destruction of embryos during stem cells harvesting is a violation of the second moral principle which deals with the value of human life. As noted earlier, embryos harvesting results in their destruction thus destruction of life. Life is said to begin when fertilization takes place thus embryos are living things and thus destroying them would amount to destruction of life or devaluation of the value of life. The two moral principles cannot be respected simultaneously as fulfilling one would amount to violation of the other. This raises a conflict as to which principle should be given more weight. Should improvement of and alleviation of suffering be considered first thus permit stem cell research which is destructive or should this research be prohibited due to its destructive nature and violation of the value of human life? This is a major ethical issue which faces this research and which has led to sharp differences in the biomedical field (Shapiro, para 7). Another ethical issue surrounding the stem cell research is based on the intention behind the creation of embryos. Ethics is mainly based or evaluated in terms of the motive and intention behind an action. People opposed to stem cell research argue that it should only be permissible to create embryos if they are meant for reproductive purposes. Creating embryos only to be destroyed for research purposes is impermissible as this would lead to intentional destruction of human life. However, researchers argue that while they create embryos for reproductive functions, they create them in excess and most of them are just discarded. As such, instead of discarding them, such embryos can be used for research and also to help in the formation of medicine for the terminal illnesses. Ethical issues arise between the significance of creation of embryos for reproduction versus for research purposes (Gruen, Grabel & Singer, pp 134). Viability of embryos debates also raises some ethical issues concerning the stem cell research. The viability of embryos is based on the notion that some embryos though they develop, they do not develop to certain stages and thus are only discarded. As such, they should be used to alleviate, alleviate and improve the lives of already existing human beings. Embryos after they are created awaiting reproduction, they develop to certain stages after which they can only be discarded if taken up for reproduction functions. Instead of discarding them, some researchers argue that they should be used for research purposes which would yield more benefits. Ethical questions however arise as to whether researchers would not deliberately create more embryos than required to use them for their research in the name of their non viability (Williams, & Johnson, para 9). Conclusion Stem cell research has led to controversial debates which are based on the ethical and moral issues regarding life and its value. While some people feel that this research should be used to help in developing medicine for alleviating suffering to terminally ill individuals, others feel that allowing this research would only lead to destruction of possible human life. However, the question of the embryos which are discarded after they become non viable for production purposes also arises. Moral judgment on whether non viable embryos should be discarded instead of being used for research which could be of greater impact forms a major debate. While deciding on whether stem cell research should be allowed or prohibited, all possible impacts on the social status should be considered. The benefits of the research should be weighed against the negative impacts before reaching and agreement. The surrounding circumstances should also be considered while debating on the stem cell research. Work cited: Gruen Lori, Grabel Laura & Singer Peter: Stem Cell Research: The Ethical Issues. (2007). Published by Blackwell. ISBN 1405160624 Mcgee, Glenn & Caplan, Arthur L. : Stem Cell Research. (2001). Journal article of The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 31 Rickard, Maurice: Key Ethical Issues in Embryonic Stem Cell Research. (2002). Retrieved on 10th March 2009 from, http://www. aph. gov. au/library/pubs/CIB/2002-03/03cib05. pdf. Shapiro, Robyn S. : Bioethics and the Stem Cell Research Debate. (2006). Journal article of Social Education, Vol. 70 Sherlock, Richard & Morrey, John D. : Ethical Issues in Biotechnology. (

This is a lab report on Lead Detection and Toxicity essays

This is a lab report on Lead Detection and Toxicity essays Objective: To detect lead in samples that are at least 1% lead. Materials and Methods/Procedures: 0.5 ml of 6M nitric acid was placed in a test tube, 1.0 g of sample paint chips were added, and the test tube was placed in a beaker of boiling water for 15-20 minutes to dissolve the lead. 10-20 ml of acetic acid was placed on pottery, the pottery was allowed to stand for an hour, the solution was poured into a test tube, which was then placed in a beaker of boiling water for 5-10 minutes. The test tubes were carefully removed and 7-8 ml of fresh 1% sodium sulfite was added to neutralize additional acid. The samples were allowed to cool, the precipitate was allowed to settled ,and a couple of drops of 0.1 M potassium iodine were added to the samples. A raw egg was separated, the white was placed in a beaker, 10 drops of the white were placed in a watch glass, 1 ml (20 drops) of the lead acetate solution was applied, and results recorded. Three people collected 1 ml of saliva in clean test tubes, the saliva was combined in a 25 ml graduated cylinder, the test tubes were rinsed with 5 ml of pH 7 buffer solution, poured into the graduated cylinder with the saliva, enough pH7 buffer was added until the volume was 25 ml, and the mixture was stirred well. Five clean test tubes were labeled, 5 ml of the saliva solution was added to tubes #2-5, while 5 ml of pH 7 buffer was placed in tube #1. 1 ml of the lead acetate solution was added to tube #3-5, and observed for a reaction after 10 minutes, while 1ml of pH buffer was added to tubes #1, #2 and #4. Next, 10 ml of 1% starch solution was added to tubes #1, #4, and #5, and observed after 10 minutes, while 10 ml of distilled water was added to tubes #2 and #3. 5 ml of iodine solution was added to all 5 tubes, and after 15 seconds, the reactions were observed and recorded, and the solutions were ...

Free Essays on History Of The Chevrolet Corvette

The History of the Chevrolet Corvette The Chevrolet Corvette is a part of American history. The Corvette is America’s first and longest lasting sports car, however it was not an immediate success when it first debuted 1953. The Corvette has been through many changes over the years but has developed the reputation of being the American dream machine. The history of the Chevrolet Corvette and Chevrolet’s unique changes to it over the years is an interesting part of American automotive culture. In September of 1951, Harley Earl, the General Motors chief stylist, began designing a new sports car for Chevrolet. Earl’s dream began production in June, 1952 and debuted in January, 1953 as the Chevrolet Corvette. In its first year Chevrolet produced 300 fiberglass-bodied cars in Flint, Michigan. The car came had a 102-inch wheelbase and a slightly improved Chevrolet passenger car chassis. Standard equipment included a two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission and a straight six, 235.5 cubic inch engine with three carburetors and a total of 150 horsepower. The assembly plant produced no more than three cars a day. Options were practically non-existent as all of the cars were painted white and had red vinyl interior with a black canvas soft top. Chevrolet sold the first Corvette models for $3498. Chevrolet produced 300 1953 model Corvettes but only sold 183 of them they ended production for the year on December 24, 1953. Chevrolet moved production of the Corvette from the Flint, Michigan plant to the St. Louis, Missouri in December, 1953. The 1954 model was a duplicate of the 1953 except for the additional exterior colors of black, red, and blue. Out of all the Corvettes produced in 1954, 80% were white and 16% were blue with the remaining 4% being either red or black. Chevrolet sold the 1954 model for $2774.00. The 1954 model ran the quarter mile in 18 seconds and did 0-60mph in 11 seconds reaching a top speed of 1... Free Essays on History Of The Chevrolet Corvette Free Essays on History Of The Chevrolet Corvette The History of the Chevrolet Corvette The Chevrolet Corvette is a part of American history. The Corvette is America’s first and longest lasting sports car, however it was not an immediate success when it first debuted 1953. The Corvette has been through many changes over the years but has developed the reputation of being the American dream machine. The history of the Chevrolet Corvette and Chevrolet’s unique changes to it over the years is an interesting part of American automotive culture. In September of 1951, Harley Earl, the General Motors chief stylist, began designing a new sports car for Chevrolet. Earl’s dream began production in June, 1952 and debuted in January, 1953 as the Chevrolet Corvette. In its first year Chevrolet produced 300 fiberglass-bodied cars in Flint, Michigan. The car came had a 102-inch wheelbase and a slightly improved Chevrolet passenger car chassis. Standard equipment included a two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission and a straight six, 235.5 cubic inch engine with three carburetors and a total of 150 horsepower. The assembly plant produced no more than three cars a day. Options were practically non-existent as all of the cars were painted white and had red vinyl interior with a black canvas soft top. Chevrolet sold the first Corvette models for $3498. Chevrolet produced 300 1953 model Corvettes but only sold 183 of them they ended production for the year on December 24, 1953. Chevrolet moved production of the Corvette from the Flint, Michigan plant to the St. Louis, Missouri in December, 1953. The 1954 model was a duplicate of the 1953 except for the additional exterior colors of black, red, and blue. Out of all the Corvettes produced in 1954, 80% were white and 16% were blue with the remaining 4% being either red or black. Chevrolet sold the 1954 model for $2774.00. The 1954 model ran the quarter mile in 18 seconds and did 0-60mph in 11 seconds reaching a top speed of 1...

Technology should be influenced by religious and social values Essay - 1

Technology should be influenced by religious and social values - Essay Example Ortega y Gasser found that man and technology began together (Gasser, 1941), and technology has always facilitated man’s functioning beyond the limitations of his natural self. Thus, technology, religious and social values are mutually interdependent, and contribute to each others’ growth (Newman, 1997). â€Å"Religion is universally acknowledged as one of the primary forms of human experience and culture† (Newman, 1997, p.1), and from ancient times till the present day, religion continues to have social significance. Moreover, contemporary humanistic social scientific scholars have reinforced the approach that religion is vital to achieve a clear understanding of social values and culture. Thus, even Sigmund Freud, the severe critic of religious illusion, stated that â€Å"religion has ruled human society for many thousands of years† (Freud,1964, p.60). Significantly, technology and culture have a historical, and even pre-historical relationship, and several cultural theorists have found technology to have a greater social importance than religion. For example, according to Thorstein Veblen, â€Å"in the growth of culture, as in its current maintenance, the facts of technological use and wont are fundamental and definitive† (Veblen, 1964, p.v). These assertions made by scholars do not refer to technology in the sense of the latest electronic gadget purchased at the local store, but to innovations and technical skills that have helped man to employ the basic principles of agriculture, to build houses, to weave cloth, to make tools, create weapons, manufacture simple domestic utensils such as cooking pots, cooking ovens, cutlery, and in making basic furniture (Cardwell, 1972). Even a simple human community needs a fundamental level of such technology if it has to rise above the level of primitive existence experienced by wande ring food-gatherers. The purpose of technology is to transform nature into

Economic and financial aspects of business Essay

Economic and financial aspects of business - Essay Example & FESS, P.E., 2005] Environmental accounting: - It shows the role played by natural environment in economy. It provides data which shows contribution of natural resources in economy and costs born by economy due to pollution and other environmental factors. Financial accounting is purely related to the record of daily transactions. In it only those transactions are considered in which money is directly or indirectly involved. It provides information to the present and potential shareholders and stakeholders of a business such as investors, creditors, debtors, suppliers, customers, financial analysts and government agencies, about the financial condition of the business. As it has to serve the information needs of a diversified base of users who have diversified needs, so it presents the financial accounts in a very structured manner and strictly follows certain rules, these rules are called â€Å"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles† or GAAP. Managerial accounting is defined in following words â€Å"The process of identifying, measuring, analyzing, interpreting, and communicating information for the pursuit of an organizations goals.†[INVESTOPEDIA] It fulfills the information needs of internal stakeholders of business as managers and employees. It provides useful accounting information to management of organization, to support them in making more educated and informed decisions. It is mostly related with such decisions as continue or shut-down a factory, make or buy decision, drop a product or not etc.. Financial accounting information is generated for the use of external stakeholders of organization such as stockholders, investors, creditors, debtors, suppliers, customers, government agencies, financial analysts and other regulatory bodies. Managerial accounting system generates information for the internal stakeholders of organization especially for management to support them in effective

Air Pollution in Beijing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Air Pollution in Beijing - Essay Example Notably, PM2.5 is most usually associated with cardiovascular deaths as shown by most cohort studies. Notably, the focus on the above statement of PM is basically correct. Automatically, air emissions in conjunction with PM2.5 particles are generally responsible for cardiovascular diseases which causes health hazard to human being. Coal consumption is another huge factor that constitutes the challenge of air pollution in Beijing. In order to manage this pollution, the government of China must control the regional total coal consumption; replace urban coal consumption with another energy source and treatment of coal pollutant. Therefore, in order to cope with the severe air pollution brought about by coal combustion, pollutants such as nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emission should be piped. In this regard, the state has come up with a DE-Nox subsiding scheme that releases thermal power industry pollution emission standards (GB3096-2012) that require all existing power plants to me et tighter pollutant emissions limits by 2014 (Greenpeace, 2012).In addition, it has recommended the shutdown of coal-fired industry boilers or their replacement with a more cleaner-energy industries. Disregard to environmental laws by citizens is another cause of the air pollution in Beijing. Currently, China`s charges for atmospheric pollutants are far much lower than the set costs of end of pipe contamination control. This has, to some extent, disheartened many enterprises from creating changes, and made it difficult to clearly define lawful and illegal pollutant discharging. A hike in pollution emission charges and strengthened supervision hard work could help make unlawful... This essay focuses mostly on air pollution levels in the capital city of China, Beijing, that has overtime become an ever increasing issue among environmentalist and residents in China. As the researcher states, any hopes of resolving this national calamity seems like just a mere dream. According to Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, the current quality of air is reported to be above 300, which is considered hazardous by the World Health Organization. This is because dense smog hangs down the atmosphere affecting the people of Beijing. The monitoring stations also observed that atmospheric particulates known as PM 2.5 are mostly responsible for air pollution in Beijing. The researcher explaines the PM 2.5 can be described as small, invisible particles which affect and damage respiratory system. In conclusion it is summed up that, Beijing is a city powered by coal-fired electricity stations, which are responsible for air pollution and which continues to have potentiall y lethal impacts on China`s urban population. Polluted air consists of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds, which affect the respiratory system. When inhaled, they adversely affect the body by contributing to numerous respiratory problems, certainly for people susceptible to allergic reactions and asthmatic condition. Therefore, the researcher reccomends that the Chinese government should work on a plan on how to reduce air pollution more and make the atmosphere clean for all citizens.

Project Mercury and Its Legacy Essay Example for Free

Project Mercury and Its Legacy Essay In the twentieth century, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a competition called the Space Race. This was a race to who would be the first country to send a rocket and a human being up into space. Although the Soviet Union was the first to send both a rocket and a human up into space, the United States successfully carried out a space mission called Project Mercury. Project Mercury was carried out in 1959 and came to a conclusion in 1963. It was the first human spaceflight program that was undertaken by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). From when it was first introduced, to when the space mission was carried out, and when it had succumbed to its end, Project Mercury became an important mission which left one of the greatest legacies in United States history. In the initiation of Project Mercury, the government began a search for seven great Americans who would become United Statess first astronauts. To be considered for the position, the Americans had to meet some requirements, which were as follows: needed to be test pilots, needed to be no taller than 511, needed to weigh no more than 180 pounds, needed to be under the age of forty, needed to have a Bachelors degree or equivalent, have 1,500 hours of flying time, and have qualifications for flying jets. In addition to the requirements, the pilots had to go through rigorous testing and training that would assure that they were capable handling problems the spacecraft and the flight may pose on them. Out of the handful of pilots who met these requirements, only seven were chosen to become Americas first astronauts who were Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, Gordon Cooper, and Deke Slayton. Since these flights were going to be manned, NASA contracted Max Faget as the primary designer, along with a team of engineers to build the Mercury Spacecraft. Its design was a cone-shaped one-man capsule with a cylinder mounted on top. Two meters (6 ft, 10 in) long, 1.9 meters (6 ft, 2 1/2 in) in diameter, a 5.8 meter (19 ft, 2 in) escape tower was fastened to the cylinder of the capsule. The blunt end was covered with an ablative heat shield to protect it against the 3000 degree heat of entry into the atmosphere (Mercury Spacecraft). This design would be the first capsule that would go up into space. Project Mercury was finally undertaken after all of the seven American Astronauts were physically and mentally prepared, the spacecraft was built, and the rockets were safe to launch. Before America could send the first human up into space, they needed to make sure that the rocket was not going to blow up as it had done in launch tests. Engineers and scientists were working hard to accomplish this, but trial after trial, the rockets were always blowing up. Finally, NASA was able to perfect the rocket, and on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard was the first American to be launched into space on the spacecraft called Freedom 7. This event was one of the greatest moments for America which anticipated further launches into space to explore what is beyond Earths atmosphere. The second flight was manned by Gus Grissom who was launched into space on the spacecraft called Liberty Bell on July 21, 1961. He successfully was able to complete a suborbital flight, but as he landed, his spacecraft hatch blew open and NASA was not able to recover the spacecraft. The first American to orbit the Earth was the third flight using the Friendship 7 spacecraft that was manned by John Glenn on February 20, 1962. He was only able to orbit the Earth three times due to concerns about the spacecrafts heat shield. Then, on May 15, 1963, Gordon Cooper became the first American to be in space for over a day and successfully orbited the Earth twenty-two times using the Faith 7 spacecraft. He was also the last American astronaut to be launched into space alone. Ultimately, Project Mercury came to its end creating one of the greatest legacies of United States history. The overall cost for Project Mercury added up to $1.6 billion in inflation-adjusted dollars (Program Cost). There are numerous legacies that Project Mercury left to Americans. One of those legacies is the will of America to continue the space programs after President John F. Kennedy said that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth (President Kennedys Challenge). Also, Project Mercurys greatest legacy is that it was United States first successful human spaceflight program. Project Mercury also influenced author Tom Wolfe who wrote the book The Right Stuff, which was later developed into a movie directed by Philip Kaufman. In conclusion, from the inception and up to the end of the space program, Project Mercury was a prominent accomplishment for the United States, leaving one of the greatest legacies for America. It changed the game of how America would accomplish its goals of becoming the first country to send an astronaut to the moon. At the end, the seven American astronauts who were chosen to be part of the space program will always be part of United States history and Project Mercury will continue to be the reason for where we are today pertaining to Americas advanced space program.

Essay on Character, Symbolism, and Language in Linda Pastans Ethics

Use of Character, Symbolism, and Descriptive Language in Linda Pastan's Ethics  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      As people evolve from children to young adults and finally to maturity, they find that they are constantly faced with difficult decisions.   Learning to make the right choice in a difficult situation is one of the hardest lessons to learn.   Many people make choices without considering what the results may be.   They only look to the future for knowledge instead of considering the knowledge already discovered in the past.   In Linda Pastan's "Ethics," the author has painted a picture of the difficulty people have when they refuse to realize that the most difficult choices to make are also the most important.   Through Pastan's use of character, symbolism, and descriptive language, the theme of this poem is presented for thought.   While choices are made every day without much thought, Pastan has made clear that choices made without the benefit of wisdom are almost always regretted.    The portrayal of the speaker is one way the author has reinforced her theme.   The speaker is young and in school (1).   An instructor asks the class to make a difficult choice in a hypothetical situation.   Many young people today are faced with making these types of decisions everyday.   They try to make choices without considering all facts.   For example, many young adults are uninterested in heritage and history.   Like the speaker who sits "...restless on hard chairs..."(6), and makes a different decision each time "...always half-heartedly..." (9), young people today do not realize the importance of knowledge.   Some of them are in school only because their parents insist on it.   They show no interest in the rich history of society.   They are too busy... ... When the speaker declares that "...earth's most radiant elements burn through the canvas..." (22-23), the message that its never too late is clear.   People can start learning from the past and from past mistakes.    Pastan has created a vivid example of the difficulty of making choices in "Ethics."   People seldom realize the repercussions their choices may make.   As people grow older and learn more, they tend to see how ignorant some of their choices were.   The same can be said of society.   Although a great many wrong choices have been made along the way, it is not too late for society to once again put value on what it already has instead of what it might have.    Works Cited Pastan, Linda. "Ethics."   Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing.  Ã‚   4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs.   Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 1995. 855. Essay on Character, Symbolism, and Language in Linda Pastan's Ethics Use of Character, Symbolism, and Descriptive Language in Linda Pastan's Ethics  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      As people evolve from children to young adults and finally to maturity, they find that they are constantly faced with difficult decisions.   Learning to make the right choice in a difficult situation is one of the hardest lessons to learn.   Many people make choices without considering what the results may be.   They only look to the future for knowledge instead of considering the knowledge already discovered in the past.   In Linda Pastan's "Ethics," the author has painted a picture of the difficulty people have when they refuse to realize that the most difficult choices to make are also the most important.   Through Pastan's use of character, symbolism, and descriptive language, the theme of this poem is presented for thought.   While choices are made every day without much thought, Pastan has made clear that choices made without the benefit of wisdom are almost always regretted.    The portrayal of the speaker is one way the author has reinforced her theme.   The speaker is young and in school (1).   An instructor asks the class to make a difficult choice in a hypothetical situation.   Many young people today are faced with making these types of decisions everyday.   They try to make choices without considering all facts.   For example, many young adults are uninterested in heritage and history.   Like the speaker who sits "...restless on hard chairs..."(6), and makes a different decision each time "...always half-heartedly..." (9), young people today do not realize the importance of knowledge.   Some of them are in school only because their parents insist on it.   They show no interest in the rich history of society.   They are too busy... ... When the speaker declares that "...earth's most radiant elements burn through the canvas..." (22-23), the message that its never too late is clear.   People can start learning from the past and from past mistakes.    Pastan has created a vivid example of the difficulty of making choices in "Ethics."   People seldom realize the repercussions their choices may make.   As people grow older and learn more, they tend to see how ignorant some of their choices were.   The same can be said of society.   Although a great many wrong choices have been made along the way, it is not too late for society to once again put value on what it already has instead of what it might have.    Works Cited Pastan, Linda. "Ethics."   Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing.  Ã‚   4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs.   Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 1995. 855.

Information systems technology Essay

Abstract This paper discusses the scope of Information systems technology. Information Systems Technology can be defined as the use of electronic programs and machines and for storage, processing, presentation and transfer of information. Information Systems Technology also includes technologies of speech processing, speech recognition, speaker recognition (identification, verification, and authentication), word spotting, language and dialect identification, speech coding, and speech and audio signal enhancement. It is also inclusive of Machine learning, Information Assurance, detecting and interpreting attacks against large-scale network infrastructures, securing cyberspace, and evaluating the usage of various tools various environments. For Information Systems Technology to be adequate, static and dynamic analysis of software should be performed regularly, to uncover any vulnerabilities, correlate and prioritize alerts from network security devices, analyze attacks and potential propagation vectors against computer networks, and develop practical solutions of cryptographic protocols and approaches. Introduction It has been said that Survival is a matter of instinct which requires insight to succeed. Information technology is an absolute necessity for any individual or organization that wants to survive in this ever changing world. Information systems technology can be defined as the use of electronic machines and programs for the processing, storage, transfer and presentation of information. When the emphasis was on processing the terms electronic data processing EDP was common in earlier days. All aspect of human life is permeated by information technology; it is no longer confined to high number- crunching machines housed in air- conditioned computer halls. As evident to all, communication technology is today an important part of it. Devices such as the photocopying machine, telephone and the telefax and not only computers and their software should be included in our definition of information technology. Nowadays the use of information technology is no longer confined to huge number-crunching machines housed in air-conditioned computer halls but permeates all aspects of everyday life. Communications technology is today an important part of IT. Not only computers and their software, but also devices such as the telephone, the photocopying machine and the telefax should thus be included in our definition of information technology. Many of the functions of these devices are in fact increasingly integrated. With the latest generation of laptops computers, and is already possible to send and receive faxes and emails. Recently, many mobile phones which incorporate small microcomputers have started to appear on the market much more. (Bo-Christer Bjork 1999) Overview. Information technology and the systems that process it are among the most valuable assets of any organization. Fundamental management responsibility is adequate security of these assets. Each agency must implement and maintain a program to adequately secure its information and system assets, something that is consistent with office of Management and Budget (OMB). There is also increased integration in many functions of these devices Consistent with Office of Management and Budget (OMB) policy, each agency must implement and maintain a program to adequately secure its information. Agency programs must: 1) assure that systems and applications operate effectively and provide appropriate confidentiality, integrity, and availability; and 2) protect information commensurate with the level of risk and magnitude of harm resulting from loss, misuse, unauthorized access, or modification. Description of Framework The Framework approach begins with the premise that all agency assets must meet the minimum security requirements of the Office of Management and Budget Circular. The criteria that are outlined in the Framework and provided in detail in the questionnaire are abstracted directly from long-standing requirements found in statute, policy, and guidance on security and privacy. It should be noted that an agency might have additional laws, regulations, or policies that establish specific requirements for confidentiality, integrity, or availability. Each agency should decide if additional security controls should be added to the questionnaire and, if so, customize the questionnaire appropriately. (Federal Information Technology Security Assessment Framework 2000). References Bo-Christer Bjork (1999) Information technology in construction: domain definition and research issues. International Journal of Computer Integrated Design and Construction, SETO, London. Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 1-16 Federal Information Technology Security Assessment Framework (2000) Prepared for Security, Privacy, and Critical Infrastructure Committee by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Computer Security Division November 28, 2000 The NIST Self-assessment Questionnaire will be issued in 2001 as a NIST Special Publication. Swanson, M (2001) Security Self-Assessment Guide for Information Technology Systems.

Advertisement and Promotion in Business

Abstract With the increase in competition among different businesses across all industries, it is vital for companies to ensure that they implement ideal promotional strategies to maintain their competitiveness. This paper presents an in-depth analysis on several aspects of business advertisement and promotions. It addresses the scope of marketing strategies, which covers the process of communication in advertisement, the organization of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom, the regulation of the industry and the current trends in advertising. It also covers the concept of below-the-line advertisement and suggests the promotional strategies that can be used by Pringles, a well renowned snack brand. Introduction Advertisement and promotion play a vital role in the marketing of products and services of any company by increasing brand awareness and attracting customers (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). It is one of the four components of the 4Ps of marketing, which comprise of product, price, promotion and place (Pride, 2013). Whereas there are different approaches to advertising and promotion, they all have the main objective of communicating about what companies have to offer to their target clients (Percy & Rosenbaum-Elliott, 2012). With the ongoing increase in competition across all industries, companies that fail to advertise or promote their products and services risk losing their competitive edge regardless of how proper the other elements of the marketing mix are (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). This paper covers different issues of advertisement and promotion. These include the marketing communications’ scope and below the line advertisement approaches that can be used to promote Pringles, one of their products. It also designs a plan for an integrated promotional strategy for Pringles. Task 1 – Scope of Marketing Communications1. Explain the communication process that applies to advertising and promotion.Communication in advertisement and promotion aims to ensure that that the messages that businesses intend to pass to their consumers are effectively relayed (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). There are different steps through which these messages undergo before arriving to their target audiences. In promotion and advertisement, the sender – in this case, the advertising company – encodes the message and relays it through a transmission device (Wharton, 2013). Encoding is the creative creation of cues that can either be verbal or non-verbal that will pass the intended message to customers in the most effective manner and also attract the highest possible attention among the target customers (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). After the message has been encoded, ideal transmission devices or avenues are used to pass the message (Wharton, 2013). With the different customer segments being targeted by companies, it is important to select the most ideal avenue through which the advertisement can be passed (Pride, 2013). The message is then decoded by the receiver, where it will trigger different actions in response to the advertisement, which include making purchases of the advertised products or services (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). Whereas companies expect the communication processes of advertisements to lack barriers, there are several that may limit the attainment of the intended advertisement objectives (Wharton, 2013). One of these is the presence of many other adverts by competing companies that may divide the attention of target consumers this is mainly referred to as clutter (Kaser, 2012).2. Explain the organisation of the advertising and promotions industry.The advertising and promotions industry com prises of different entities. These include advertisers, advertising agencies, media organizations and external facilitators (Friedlein, 2014). The roles played by all these parties contribute towards the success of the industry. To ensure effectiveness of this industry, different countries have different approaches of managing these involved parties (O’guinn et al., 2011). In the United Kingdom and Europe, there are different bodies that are involved in the running of the industry. These include the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA), and the Promotional Marketing Council (PMC) (Warc, 2014). EACA represents media agency associations and full-service advertising across Europe (EACA, 2014). It is based in Brussels, Belgium, and focuses on the promotion for responsible effective and honest advertisement. The organisation also promotes high levels of professionalism and fosters close cooperation among different advertisers, agencies and media outlets in Europ e. PMC, on the other hand, represents the sales promotion industry. Some of the parties represented include suppliers, clients and agencies across several countries in Europe (Warc, 2014).3. Assess how promotion is regulated.Regulation involves the creation or certain rules and regulations to govern different activities in advertisement and promotion. In the United Kingdom, an advertising self-regulatory system for non-broadcast advertising was set up in UK in 1961. This step was taken to ensure that advertisements are responsible and achieve the purpose of making customers aware of products and their repurchase of the products. The UK regulates the promotion industry by using a combination of practice and legislation codes (Advertising Standards Authority, 2014). There are two regulatory committees that create, revise and monitor advertising codes. These are the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP) and the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP). The BCAP code creates broadcast advertising rules while CAP creates rules for non-broadcasting advertising, direct marketing and sales promotion (Farrell & Gordon, 2012). These rules are enforced by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). With the changes that are always taking place in advertising, these rules are regularly revised to increase effectiveness (Kaser, 2012). However, keeping up with this pace is quite challenging because of the increase in advertisement avenues that has been made possible by technological advancements. As a result, increasing numbers of customers are falling prey to advertisers that advertise inexistent or poor quality products (Cho et al., 2014).4. Examine current trends in advertising and promotion, including the impact of ICT.The current trends in advertising and promotion have majorly been influenced by the increase in the use of the internet and social networking among target customers, which has largely been as a result of ICT development (Friedlein, 2014). There are various internet related trends in product advertising and promotion. These trends include; social media, online display advertising and mobile advertising. Advertisements on the social media, such as Facebook and Twi tter, are on the rise and are referred to as sponsored content (Seth & Kapoor, 2014). Companies are taking advantage of the growing number of people using these avenues because in total, there are approximately 2 billion people signed up to different social media platforms (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Online display marketing is on the rise, and involves the advertisement of company websites on other websites that target consumers frequently use (Kaser, 2012). According to Persaud and Azhar (2012), an increase in the use of smartphones has also given rise to internet mobile advertising. This is where advertisers reach consumers personally through platforms, such as social media or sending links to company websites, in the form of text messages (Persaud & Azhar, 2012). Whereas these developments provide a convenience of reaching a wide range of clients in a short time and on a smaller budget, there are also different associated demerits (Friedlein, 2014). One of these is the information risk that customers and companies may be prone to because of hacking (Cho et al., 2014). Social media has been regarded by some researchers as one of the fastest avenues through which information passes. Thus, any mistake by a company that may tarnish its reputation can be detrimental to its brand (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Task 3: Primary techniques of below-the-line technique of sales promotion1. Explain primary techniques of below-the-line promotion and develop a BTL campaign for the brand, â€Å"Pringles†Below-the-line promotionBelow-the line advertisement is a promotional strategy that tends to use other mediums apart from the typical ones like the internet, broadcast, print and billboards (Kaser, 2012). Many companies in the present-day business environment utilize this strategy alongside above-the-line and through-the-line advertisement (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). One of the main attributes of this approach to advertisement is that it is less expensive. However, many companies combine this with above-the-line promotions so as to maintain a better market position, below-the-line promotion being just as complement (Gautam, 2013). Several below-the-line advertisement techniques are discussed hereunder. Field marketing or promotion: It is a process through which salespeople target customers on a one-on-one basis with the aim of promoting certain products and services (Stone & Desmond, 2007). One of the advantages of this approach is that it provides customers with a close interaction with the product being promoted and the salesmen. However, this is time consuming and some customers may not be quite welcoming to the salespeople (Sigala, 2010). The use of coupons: this below the line approach to promotion involves handing coupons to prospective purchasers of commodities and offering incentives or discounts to attract customers, especially those who are price-sensitive (Wharton, 2013). Given that such approaches often offer product at reduced prices for a short duration, there is always a risk of reduced sales when the company resumes its original prices (Kumar & Rajan, 2012). Loyalty programs: These are packages that offer rewards to the frequent buyers of commodities due to their loyalty to the retail outlets (Grewal et al., 2011). Such programs are common in the airline industry, where frequent flyers of a given airline numbering a specified number of flights are awarded for their loyalty in different ways, which may also include free flights. These programs are however more ideal for customers with easy accessibility to the company products (Kaser, 2012).A below-the-line campaign for PringlesPringles is a potato and wheat manufactured snack owned and run under the Kellogg Company (Pringles, 2014). Below-the-line advertisement can be used to compliment the current promotional strategies used. One of the below-the-line approaches that can be used to market Pringles is the field promotion or field marketing approach. To effectively implement this promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to recruit salespeople that have the experience and skills needed to enable them convince people they have never met before to choose the Pringles over competing products in the market (Kaser, 2012). Small samples ought to be distributed for free or be sold at a lower price. Considering that the company mainly targets teenagers and students (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), it is advisable for the company to use younger salespeople who are more aware of how to approach and appeal to teenagers. The most ideal places that promoters of this product can target are those with high population of teenagers, like schools, colleges or recreational parks. Though this marketing approach provides an excellent avenue for building a relationship between the target customers and the brand, companies have to invest heavily in training salespeople or promoters to enable them deal with customers of diverse tastes and backgrou nds (Sigala, 2010).2. Evaluate other techniques that can also be used in this BTL campaign.Apart from the above below-the-line approach that can be used by Pringles, there are several other methods that may be adopted to boost sales and promote the product. They are examined below. Pringles can use the Intercept method, where trained sales personnel are positioned at retail outlets besides the shelves holding Pringles in retail stores and supermarkets (Stone & Desmond, 2007). Their main role is to persuade incoming buyers into the stores to purchase Pringles by highlighting their advantages over other competing products. Whereas this approach can increase the sales for the company, it has been criticized for causing impulse buying among customers (Pride, 2013). Sponsorship is also an ideal below the line promotional strategy that can be used by Pringles. This is whereby the company supports events and activities through provision of funds and other resources that are valuable to the success of the event (Woisetschlager & Michaelis, 2012). For Pringles, this strategy can be implemented by sponsoring sports for schools and youth concerts. Awareness of the company or products can be increased by ensuring by printing T-Shirts, caps or any other apparel to be worn by those attending the event. Even with this convenience that the strategy offers to customers, it can be quite cost intensive for the company depending on the size or magnitude of the event being sponsored (Lee et al., 2012). This may have an adverse impact on the company’s return on investment. Task 4: Plan Integrated Promotional Strategies1. Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for this integrated promotional strategyAn integrated promotional strategy refers to an approach to promotion where a company uses different avenues to and tools to increase the awareness of products (Kaser, 2012). This section presents a plan for a promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles. Even with the current success that it enjoys across the markets that it operates (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), there is still a need for the company to penetrate more in the market and further increase its market share. To implement a successful promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to identify the resources or activities that will be involved. After they are identified, the appropriate budgetary allocation will be done to facilitate the strategy (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). The avenues that will be used in this promotion strategy are TV commercials, billboards and online advertisement through social media outlets. The budget is summarized as below. Promotional TechniquesBudget allocation TV commercials?1 million Billboards?100,000 Social media promotion YouTube video advertisements?50,000 Facebook?50,000 Twitter?50,000 Total?1.25 million 2&3: Carry out the development of a promotional plan for the Pringles and plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for PringlesThe table above represents the promotional techniques that will be used in the promotion of Pringles. TV commercials will be used by airing advertisements of the product on channels that air programs that are mostly viewed by the company’s target customers, who are teenagers and the youth (Saxena, 2010). The most ideal channels on which to air these advertisements are music or sports channels. Billboards will be effective if they are located in areas that are densely populated and are located close to outlets of the products. With an increasing number of people who have signed up on Facebook and Twitter social networks, advertising products on these sites also increases their visibility among the target audience (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). It also enables the company to actively engage with the customers that it is tar geting. Thus, it will be imperative for Pringles to consider utilizing these avenues for promotion.4. Appropriate techniques for measuring campaign effectivenessThere are different approaches that can be used by companies in measuring the effectiveness of their promotional campaigns. One of these is the amount of feedback from customers. This is usually mainly in form of inquiries through different avenues about the product being marketed (Pride, 2013). When inquiries are high, it means that the advertisement strategy was effective, and vice versa. Another approach that can be used is the estimation of sales prior to and after the launch of the promotional campaign or the return on investment (ROI) (Kaser, 2012). Successful promotional campaigns ought to result in an increase in sales levels of the company and create revenues that surpass the investment that was put in the promotional activity. For social media advertisements, tools such as SentiStrength can be used to assess the re ception of consumers to the advertisements. SentiStrenth is a sentiment measuring tool that evaluates the level of positivity or negativity of short texts that are mainly used in commenting on social media sites (SentiStrength, 2014). Conclusion Advertisement and promotion are vital components of the marketing mix. Some of the roles that they play include increasing of awareness among target customers about a company’s products and attracting new customers. This paper has addressed different issues that relate to this component of marketing. Under the scope of marketing communications, the paper has explained how the communication works process in promotion. It has also discussed how the organisation and regulation of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom. The concept of below-the-line advertisement and an integrated promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles have also been presented. For companies that intend to maintain their competitiveness in the market and attract a wide range of customers, it s vital for them to ensure that their promotional strategies are relevant to their target audiences. Whereas this paper has provided an in-depth understanding on the concepts of advertising and prom otion, in future, primary research can be incorporated, with members of the marketing department and a section of its target customers as respondents. References Advertising Standards Authority, 2014. About Regulation. 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